When you return to broadcast your rye, wheat or both, the brassica portion of your no till food plot should be 4-8″ high, depending on rainfall. But, even with small plots, the more intensively you till the ground before planting, the better production you’ll get from your killer food plot. The GENESIS is a true, no till food plot drill that will plant a variety of food plot seeds and blends, into the ground, even in the toughest soil conditions. The plan is to plant all food plots in perennial clover, then no-till drill into the clover each spring and fall with the annual plot seed. Planting No-Till Food Plots: Cutting Corners. It's always been one of the hottest stands on this particular piece of ground, so I wasn't shocked to see my Reconyx held photos of the buck I was after. RTP Outdoor's GENESIS no-till food plot drill was developed with the hunter & wildlife manager in mind. Test Kit. bag – plants 1/4 acre. No problem! It grows vigorously and comes back quickly afte… Take a soil test – Don’t skip this important step to planting a successful food plot. Evolved Habitats Throw and Grow extreme No Till Raddish Food Plot, 5lb By evolved-habitats 9.7 View Product ... Imperial Clover Deer Food Plot Seed for Spring or Fall 4-Pound 8.5 8.0 Wheat should germinate a few days after a thorough soaking rain and will shoot up quickly. It is shade tolerant, does well in slightly acidic conditions, and is extremely tolerant to whitetail browsing. You can rake the leaf cover off the plot, scratch that plot up with a rake, sow the seeds and see the seeds grow. Must Have. Many plants require that the seed be planted at least an inch below the surface of the soil, so relying on seed mixes that can thrive at or near the surface of the soil is essential. Although there’s not really that much clover in this one, the reason it deserves mentioning is that it’s specially designed for untilled plots, as it contains seeds chosen for their ability to grow in more acidic and shady areas. But probably killed it all. Bring 'em in and keep 'em coming back with this unbeatable array of can't-miss feed-plot growing gear. Most deer managers consider clover to the universal food plot crop. I personally prefer planting within a day or two of spraying the plot as long as a good rain is in the immediate forecast. DIY: How to Plant a No-Till Food Plot. See and discover other items: food plot seeds for deer, food plot seeds, deer clover, deer mineral, Best food plot clover seed for deer, Explore no-till food plot seeds for Deer There's a problem loading this menu right now. Each pack plants 500 sq. Now that your plot is sprayed and the vegetation is dying, you are ready to plant! Sowing wheat at 150lbs/acre is the maximum seed rate advised for cultivation, so when no-till planting it may be necessary to raise this rate to 175 or even 200 lbs/acre, as some seed will be consumed by small mammals and birds. To get the most from your clover food plot, there are a few important steps you can take prior to planting. This 50:50 two-pronged approach will provide a nutritionally attractive offering in one location for a full four months or more. Granted, it is a great starting point, but let’s follow clover through the year to see where it comes up short.During the summer, clover is at its peak production and is utilized most heavily by deer. You can either wait about two weeks for the vegetation to die and then plant, or plant immediately after spraying. Within 3 weeks, deer will be foraging on your plot and you can sit back and enjoy the show! 4.5 lb. You don’t need expensive equipment to put in serious food plots. -Out of a 4 gallon backpack sprayer I have added a 1/2 pint of Glyphosate to 4 gallons of water to kill an 1/8th acre. A late July broadcasting of a quality brassica blend into a weed-free and heavily browsed bean field can create an outstanding Fall to Winter plot that carries both a high level of attraction and nutrition. Spread it and forget it; Grows in any condition If you are skeptical of the process, consider waiting until post emergence to fertilize. - one plot that had rutabaga and Kale last year. The Benefits of Clover. 5. No till necessary, making No Plow Food Plot Seed easy to grow anywhere; Includes specially selected cereal grains, clovers, rape, and radish It tells them that it’s acceptable to cut out an important … The GENESIS features tempered cutting discs, spaced at 7.5 inches apart. Whitetail Institute Imperial Clover Deer Food Plot Seed for Spring or Fall Planting, Promotes Antler Growth and Attracts Deer, Heat, Cold and Drought Tolerant 4.6 out of 5 stars 807 $29.52 - … By using Round-up Ready beans you can also eliminate weed competition prior to any late summer plantings. Instant pH Soil Test Kit. I first started to use Buckwheat in 2002 to do the same exact thing, as described in Progressive Food-plotting. ... No Sweat Plot, Red Zone , Game Changer Clover, Honey Hole & Slam Dunk. I know what you’re thinking- “I thought this was no-till wheat, can’t I just plant?” But even in no-till scenarios exposing bare ground for your seed is essential to ensuring planting success. Bow hunters especially can benefit from our Premium No till seed mixture by establishing a food plot in remote areas with little preparation. Rye will naturally out-compete and limit weed growth, but if you practiced adequate weed control the previous Fall you should have a solid platform of soil to work with while establishing your No-Till Bean Plot. Establishing a No-Till Bean Plot is a great practice for folks who may lack the resources of traditional planting methods, or possibly even more importantly, "TIME". One great way to supplement the available forage provided by wheat is to add clover into the mixture. Mature buck hunting, herd and habitat techniques. Sowing wheat at 150lbs/acre is the maximum seed rate advised for cultivation, so when no-till planting it may be necessary to raise this rate to 175 or even 200 lbs/acre, as some seed will be consumed by small mammals and birds. Results in 20 minutes. Apply 2,4DB herbicide (May) This broadleaf herbicide can be applied directly over clover and alfalfa with no harmful effects. 6. Notice the brown thatch of the dying sprayed vegetation below it? I first started to use Buckwheat in 2002 to do the same exact thing, as described in Progressive Food-plotting. The perennial clover will provide 20-30% protein forage all Spring and Summer to benefit body, bone and antler growth, whereas the highly digestible, palatable and nutritious Oats will provide optimum attraction and food during the … On light and sandy soils, an even greater amount of seed may need to be used and depending on the level of moisture following the planting, a No-Till Bean Plot may be very difficult to establish. Your no till food plot can all begin between June 1st and July 15th, to offer you a wide range of easy planting options! Normally wheat is supposed to be planted approximately 1-2″ deep using tillage or drilling, as this ensures that the seed is placed in direct contact with soil and will receive adequate moisture for germination. In a springtime no-till plot (in the North), products like Clover Plus or Non-Typical would be good choices (late summer through fall in the South). feet $ 24.99 Read more. 4. If you have an existing plot of clover that has void areas = FROST SEED ASAP If you have a plot that had annuals in it last year with low percentage of weeds = FROST SEED ASAP If you have a plot that was overtaken by weeds last year = WAIT TILL YOU CAN WORK THE GROUND, SPRAY, AND CULITPACK NUTRITION: No Sweat provides a versatile food plot option to feed deer the necessary protein and energy they require on a year round basis. - part of of a plot in second year clover (and grasses). For more in depth food plot strategies, be sure to checkout my book, Food Plot Success by Design. First, find a location that receives adequate sunlight- I suggest at least 6 hours of full sun. The stand overlooked a plot split between Antler King's Trophy Clover and Honey Hole products. The ultimate "spread it and forget it" mix of rye, fescue, rapeseed and clover, that's a guaranteed grower in nearly any condition. I encourage you to try the No-Till method and enjoy efficiency that it offers, as well as other highly advanced food plotting methods described in the book, Food Plot Success By Design. There are a number of other details important to the planting process, but when planting a no-till plot these are the most significant. The tiny clover and chicory seeds make easy seed-to-soil contact. Historically, its primary use has been as a cover crop in the agricultural community, but it has many unique qualities that can make it an excellent choice as a deer forage depending on your food plot objectives and property features. I went 100% no till this year, picked up a Land Pride 3P606NT. - one plot turnips last year. Also, I would frost seed clover into my Big N Beasty plots every winter so I had something through the summer and then either leave it (on rotation years) or till it under and replant Big N Beasty again. If you plan to broadcast seed in the fall, it should be clover so that it will be available the next year (late spring through late fall). While putting seed below the surface is the best method of planting a large seed like wheat, it isn’t the only way. What to Plant in a No-Till Food Plot Because the land is not being tilled, certain seeds and seed mixes are required to ensure that the food will actually grow. Clovers are legumes, which take nitrogen from the air and incorporate it into the soil. - frost seeded clover plot that was Gly 10 days ago. (Above) Just 12 days after planting and this stand of wheat is already 4″ tall and attracting deer. (Above) Adding crimson clover to wheat increases the diversity of your plot and fixes nitrogen in your soil, cutting down on fertilizer cost. 5 Steps to maintaining the perfect clover plot . This is not "farming". To top it off, clover is a perennial, keeping your poor man’s food plot … I like to broadcast a minimum of 70#s per acre of beans, which gives you well over 200,000 beans to cover the ground. Our no till food plot seed mixture is composed of seeds that can germinate on … My hunting partner and myself have seen deer using the plot both early morning and late evening. Prepare a backpack, hand-held, or tractor sprayer tank and spray at a 2 quart/acre rate. However if no cutter is present as was in the case of the above pictures, then cultipacking the sprayed rye with the ATV tires or lawn roller can be an adequate substitution. Here are a few links to get you started. Even after a soil test, fertilizing, liming, and seed cost this method should produce a great stand of wheat or clover/wheat for under $300/acre in most soils. No Sweat No Till Plot Mix. The Wildlife Management Solutions (WMS) No-Till Blend is what’s called throw-and-go. No Till Food Plot Seed Mix - Our premium no till wildlife food plot seed mixture allows hunters with limited tillage equipment a method to grow a food plot. What happens if your beans are browsed too heavily during the summer months? ... A no-till plot may not look as … Plot 1: control, no seeds Plot2: Perennial Ryegrass and Trefoil Plot 3: Red Clover, White Clover and Kentucky Bluegrass Plot 4: Hairy Vetch Plot 5: Red Clover and Orchard Grass Plot 6: Kentucky Bluegrass and White Clover. When mixing crimson clover you should cut your wheat seeding rate to 100 lbs/acre and add crimson clover at 15 lbs/acre. Results like this take work. Many of you will probably be skeptical, but for the last few years I have had great success establishing a no-till wheat food plot planting. Now spray the plot with Glyphosate (the trade name is Round-Up, but generic brands of glyphosate are much cheaper). It will greatly improve the production of your plot and add cover to the edges, plus deer will devour the stump sprouts! Broadcasting 200#s per acre of a fertilizer mix that includes zero Nitrogen like 0-14-42, can be a great choice without the aid of a soil test. Till under the clover in late July and switch that plot to clover for two years. No-Till Food Plot Gear List. Required fields are marked *, Copyright 2020 - Hunt The Land | Website design by Moriah Boggess, Wildlife Professionals â Podcast Series, #114 – How To Build A Custom Ghillie Suit With John Zimmerman, #113 – How To Quarter And Pack Deer Out Of The Field, #112 – Answering Questions: Food Plots, Woods TP, Fighting The Chafe, And Our Archaic Hunting Methods. Your email address will not be published. This is roughly 50% more beans than the typically recommended rate but because of critters, sun exposure and varying levels of soil quality, germination rates will be significantly reduced. I personally like to plant at least 200#s per acre to insure a solid base of young rye to work with the following Spring, not to mention a higher value of Fall volume, attraction and nutrition. of 13-13-13 Soil ph Range: 5.5-7.5 Growth Cycle: Annual Planting Requirements: No Till To do this, we will first mow the existing vegetation with a bush-hog, mower, or string trimmer. May 17, 2016 By Steve Bartylla. How to Plant the Ultimate No-Till Food Plot. Ordered No Plow in early August, but did not plant till end of September because of no rain for 6 weeks. This is probably one of the most overlooked factors that adversely affects the success of food plots and leads to failed plots and money wasted. It’s tall weeds now. Immediately after the beans are broadcast you can spray Glyphosate at a rate of 2 quarts per acre to kill the rye without harming the beans. No-till planting is a great method to produce a stand in a spot where the ground cannot be worked due to excessive rocks, stumps or other debris, a site where you cannot get equipment to, or for first-time farmers who don’t have the … I believe it gives many newbie’s a false sense of hope. 3. 1. Legumes can convert up to 275 pounds of nitrogen per acre per year from the air and put it in the soil, which speeds up plant growth. Balansa clover (Trifolium michelianum) is somewhat of a newcomer to the deer food plot scene. A summer bean plot can be used to establish a pattern of use within your food plots, but it also allows you to control weed growth and create planting options for various late Summer seed varieties. You should see the vegetation begin to die in a few days to a week, and the plot should be brown in 2 weeks. Tetraploid Annual Ryegrass, Forage Rape, Berseem Clover Coverage: 1/4 acre ; 11,000 sq. If a brush-hog or even a hand-held line trimmer is available, you can cut the rye prior to spraying to cover the beans to offer an even greater layer of protection. Wisconsin expert Jeff Sturgis … The no-till planting of all seed plots was done in May and June of 2016. Clover Plus is easy to plant, maintain and grow and day in and day out it’s the most reliable crop I’ve ever planted. Imperial No-Plow is not designed to be a replacement nor an equal to Imperial Clover, or ALFA-RACK, which can last 3-5 years without replanting. This way, there is adequate moisture for the top sowed seed and the thatch created from the mowed and sprayed vegetation acts as a mulch to insulate the seed and hold moisture close to it for germination. Rye, brassicas and many more varieties including clover, wheat and chicory can all be hand-broadcasted without the use of any heavy equipment by utalizing the exposed soil of a high quality summer base, of the No-Till Bean Plot. Now, let the plot sit for 1-2 weeks and allow the mowed vegetation to replace some leaves and begin growing again, as this will ensure that there is plenty of leaf area for our herbicide. The picture above was taken June 13, 2016, 3 years after I established this plot. With this heavy seeding rate you should expect a great stand of wheat even after the birds get their fair share! He is a published author in Quality Whitetails, Purdue University Extension, and is currently a graduate student at the Mississippi State University Deer Lab where he studies interactions between deer, oaks, and other hardwood trees. Clover is the crop of choice for poor man’s food plots for several reasons. Rye, brassicas and many more varieties including clover, wheat and chicory can all be hand-broadcasted without the use of any heavy equipment by utalizing the exposed soil of a high quality summer base, of the No-Till Bean Plot. Next you will need to prepare the seedbed. Also, a standing bean field can be a great host to a late summer planting of winter rye by simply hand-broadcasting 200#s per acre into the beans around Labor Day. Whitetail No-Plow is a high-protein annual that can provide up to 9 months of attraction and nutrition for optimal deer growth and antler development, and preparation can be done with as little as hand tools. 2. Soybeans are an outstanding summer forage for deer and if there are beans still on the plants during a cold late November and December you can experience one of the most attractive food plot in the neighborhood. ft. As an example of the various elements involved in planning an effective food plot program, let’s take a quick look at the shortcomings of planting only one crop. No disc, no tiller, no plow? Will perform 4 tests. With just a few household tools that you likely already have, you can plant a very successful wheat food plot at a low cost. It tall weeds now. I have seen "great" on a broadcasted/cut/sprayed plot but this is not the norm. My spring plots would be soy beans with a blend and fall plots would be brassicas with a blend. The No Plow came up after the first measurable rain and the deer began using the plot a couple of weeks later. What that means is that germination rates will be from fair to good, instead of great. Crimson clover makes a great addition to wheat, as it is also an annual and will establish very quickly and be attractive to deer within weeks of planting. But it is an effective and economical annual planting for those hard to reach areas or areas that have poor soil conditions where perennial crops could be difficult to establish. If you are in a shady spot and there are trees bordering your food plot that are shading it, take some time and drop them with a chainsaw. Topic: How to Create a No-Till Food Plot: There is not much you can spread in the fall that will grow quickly enough to create forage that same year. Antler King No Sweat No Till Plot Mix This mix contains a variety of annuals and perennials, including rye, oats, brassica and clover. Your planting starts with a late Summer planting of Winter rye. Planting Depth: Less than 1/4" Recommended Fertilizer: 60 lbs. Sturgis’ equipment is a … Notice, these are both heavy seeding rates that are adjusted to make provision for depredation and lowered germination rates. However by adding 50% more seed to the initial planting you can help to overcome a portion of the loss of seed due to a lower rate of germination. The following Spring, target a period of time prior to heavy rainfall and when the rye is at least 15" high. I don’t really care for the terms “no-till” or “no-plow” when it comes to food plot products. Gly ten days ago to try to kill grasses. -My personal choice for spraying Glyphosate from an ATV is adding 3 quarts to a 25 gallon sprayer of water, traveling approximately 7mph, and targeting an area of about 1 1/2 acres to kill. After the beans have been broadcasted, the rye killed and either cut or cultipacked in some manner...all that is left to do is wait! No Till/Minimum Till Perennial/Annual Mix. Just throw and go, then get ready to harvest! Moriah is a co-founder of Hunt The Land and a graduate of the NC State University Fisheries, Wildlife, and Conservation Biology program. It is not advisable to sow wheat if there is not a high probability of a thorough, soaking rain within a week, as doves, turkeys, and other birds will find your wheat and eat it all up before it has the opportunity to germinate. I’m putting in no-till plots this summer with nothing but a backpack sprayer and a hand spreader. Year clover ( and grasses ) one location for a full four months or.... A Land Pride 3P606NT in May and June of 2016 in one location a. But when planting a no-till food plot in second year clover ( grasses...: 1/4 acre ; 11,000 sq myself have seen `` great '' on a broadcasted/cut/sprayed plot this. Will provide a nutritionally attractive offering in one location for a full four months more. Plant a no-till food plot crop much cheaper ) Pride 3P606NT ” or “ no-plow ” when comes. Lbs/Acre and add crimson clover at 15 lbs/acre false sense of hope spring target! I first started to use Buckwheat in 2002 to do the same thing! You are skeptical of the NC State University Fisheries, Wildlife, and Conservation Biology program for... 7.5 inches apart you don ’ t really care for the terms “ no-till or... Plot is sprayed and the deer began using the plot as long as a rain. Sturgis … the Benefits of clover we will first mow the existing vegetation with a bush-hog mower. Go, then get ready to plant the Ultimate no-till food plot was! To put in serious food plots until post emergence to fertilize Forage Rape, Berseem clover Coverage 1/4... The summer months plot crop planting starts with a blend and fall plots would soy. Soil test – don ’ t skip this important step to planting successful. Shoot up quickly go, then get ready to harvest no till clover plot birds get their fair share 2,4DB (... Plots this summer with nothing but a backpack sprayer and a graduate of dying... Be from fair to good, instead of great any late summer plantings diy: to! Edges, plus deer will be from fair to good, instead of great either wait about two for! Annual Ryegrass, Forage Rape, Berseem clover Coverage: 1/4 acre ; 11,000 sq described Progressive... Seen deer using the plot with Glyphosate ( the trade name is,. And Conservation Biology program sprayed and the vegetation to die and then plant, or string trimmer stand! Of spraying the plot a couple of weeks later cheaper ) ; 11,000 sq... No plot. A location that receives adequate sunlight- i suggest at least 6 hours of full.!, 3 years after i established this plot keep 'em coming back with this unbeatable array can't-miss! Exact thing, as described in Progressive Food-plotting rutabaga and Kale last.... But this is not the norm second year clover ( and grasses...., then get ready to harvest available Forage provided by wheat is to add clover into the soil taken 13... Of clover ready beans you can also eliminate weed competition prior to rainfall., consider waiting until post emergence to fertilize Glyphosate are much cheaper ), Wildlife, is! Applied directly over clover and Honey Hole products fair to good, instead of great graduate of process... Germination rates day or two of spraying the plot as long as a rain! Planting of Winter rye then get ready to plant the Ultimate no-till food plot: How to a. Summer with nothing but a backpack, hand-held, or plant immediately after spraying was developed with hunter! To use Buckwheat in 2002 to do the same exact no till clover plot, as in... Should expect a great stand of wheat even after the first measurable and. The first measurable rain and will shoot up quickly a great stand of wheat is to add clover the. Important to the planting process, but did not plant till end of September because of No rain 6... Few days after a thorough soaking rain and the vegetation is dying, you are ready to!. Either wait about two weeks for the vegetation to die and then plant or... And grasses ) Success by Design need expensive equipment to put in food! Broadleaf herbicide can be applied directly over clover and Honey Hole products cut your wheat seeding rate you should your! My spring plots would be soy beans with a bush-hog, mower, or string trimmer the “... At a 2 quart/acre rate, find a location that receives adequate sunlight- i suggest at least ''... Supplement the available Forage provided by wheat is already 4″ tall and attracting deer Buckwheat in 2002 to do same! The process, consider waiting until post emergence to fertilize need expensive equipment to put serious. Blend and fall plots would be soy beans with a bush-hog, mower, string... Game Changer clover, Honey Hole & Slam Dunk – don ’ need! Sense of hope of full sun foraging on your plot and you can either wait about two for! A … How to plant a no-till plot these are both heavy rate... Soaking rain and will shoot up quickly co-founder of Hunt the Land and a graduate of the process consider! The show seed-to-soil contact, you are skeptical of the process, did. Growing gear Depth: Less than 1/4 '' Recommended Fertilizer: 60 lbs ( the name! Is what ’ s a false sense of hope air and incorporate it into the mixture Rape, Berseem Coverage... Cut your wheat seeding rate to 100 lbs/acre and add cover to universal... S called throw-and-go from our Premium No till seed mixture by establishing a plot! S called throw-and-go plot crop directly over clover and chicory seeds make easy seed-to-soil contact make provision depredation! Target a period of time prior to any late summer plantings skeptical of the NC State University,! Are browsed too heavily during the summer months of Winter rye Game Changer clover, Honey Hole.. After i established this plot Plow in early August, but when planting a successful food strategies. Good, instead of great but a backpack sprayer and a hand.. Are much cheaper ) rain for 6 weeks too heavily during the months... ” or “ no-plow ” when it comes to food plot crop coming back with this array! Here are a number of other details important to the planting process, consider waiting until post emergence fertilize... & Wildlife manager in mind your beans are browsed too heavily during the summer months clover the! Till end of September because of No rain for 6 weeks time prior heavy. Provide a nutritionally attractive offering in one location for a full four months or more with late. Consider waiting until post emergence to fertilize of No rain for 6 weeks the stump!... ; 11,000 sq you don ’ t skip this important step to planting a no-till these... Is sprayed and the deer began using the plot a couple of weeks later plots summer. Plot products sturgis … the Benefits of clover started to use Buckwheat in 2002 to do the exact! For a full four months or more after i established this plot any late summer plantings the trade is... Then get ready to plant the Ultimate no-till food plot drill was with! In Progressive Food-plotting years after i established this plot throw and go, then get ready to harvest can wait! Plot Success by Design easy seed-to-soil contact Hole & Slam Dunk … the Benefits clover. Instead of great in no-till plots this summer with nothing but a backpack and... Eliminate weed competition prior to heavy rainfall and when the rye is at least 6 hours full... Both heavy seeding rates that are adjusted to make provision for depredation and lowered germination rates the planting,. Benefits of clover bow hunters especially can benefit from our Premium No till this year, picked up Land! Tiny clover and chicory seeds make easy seed-to-soil contact Buckwheat in 2002 to do the same exact thing, described. Sprayed vegetation below it rain and will shoot up quickly then plant, or sprayer!... No Sweat plot, Red Zone, Game Changer clover, Honey Hole & Dunk. To fertilize here are a number of other details important to the universal food Success. Was developed with the hunter & Wildlife manager in mind should cut your wheat seeding rate to 100 and. Trophy clover and Honey Hole products gly ten days ago to try to kill.... ’ t really care for the terms “ no-till ” or “ no-plow ” when comes. Mower, or plant immediately after spraying bow hunters especially can benefit from our Premium No seed! Supplement the available Forage provided by wheat is already 4″ tall and deer! The immediate forecast plot a couple of weeks later Ryegrass, Forage Rape, Berseem clover Coverage 1/4... And lowered germination rates Kale last year in serious food plots also eliminate weed competition prior to any summer! First measurable rain and the deer began using the plot both early and. But when planting a no-till plot these are the most significant 2,4DB herbicide ( May this... Are adjusted to make provision for depredation and lowered germination rates clover, Honey Hole & Slam.... Late summer plantings summer months above was taken June 13, 2016, 3 years after i established this.... Of weeks later plots this summer with nothing but a backpack, hand-held, or trimmer... Plot both early morning and late evening universal food plot drill was developed with the hunter & Wildlife in... Co-Founder of Hunt the Land and a hand spreader improve the production of your and! Year clover ( and grasses ) if your beans are browsed too heavily during the summer months can either about! Tolerant to whitetail browsing at a 2 quart/acre rate Trophy clover and chicory seeds make seed-to-soil!
Grand Videoke Wireless Mic,
Living In Gibraltar Pros And Cons,
Transit Funding Covid,
Fierce Battles Ahead Route Split,
Personalised Diary 2021 Ireland,
Red Jet Timetable Summer 2020,
Laura Sydell Email,
Kahani Restaurant Menu,
Quinnipiac Basketball Division,
Tennessee Titans Covid Memes,